美女的胸www又大又黄的网站_国产高清亚洲_极速高清久久综合在线视频_精品成人18秘 亚洲av播放_美女视频黄.免费网址_国产a毛片一区二区_污黄啪啪网18以下勿进站_亚洲一本高清_中文字幕欧美精品第1页_无码专区人妻系列日韩

        由于傳統的塑料是很穩定的、不易降解和生物降解的產品，隨意丟棄的塑料和垃圾填埋場中固體塑料廢物是一個重大環境問題。隨意丟棄的一次性塑料制品 (尤其是塑料袋)是一種有形的和普遍的污染物，并威脅到動物、海洋物種和人類健康。在垃圾填埋場，固體塑料廢物增加填埋量，阻礙填埋壓實和拖延廢棄有機物 質降解, 從而促成有害的溫室氣體甲烷的生成。就算有些國家用燃燒方式處理垃圾從而轉化能量為取暖用途，其產生的炭排放氣體量也極高，因此，硏發出可較快降解、全生物降解或可減少炭排放的塑料是處理這些問題令人欣喜的一步。
 

With increasing public concern over plastic waste accumulation in recent years, the demand for plastics that has a much shorter degradable cycle or can significantly reduce its level of greenhouse gas emissions is mounting. The plastics industry has tried various approaches to develop new type of plastics that can perform in the same way as conventional plastics.

光合降解/Oxo-degradable Additives

        過去二三十年來，塑料行業一直不斷研發與普通塑料等效、價格低廉，能夠被廣泛使用的降解和生物降解塑料產品。希望開發出性能等同普通塑料，但可在不同處理 環境(丟棄垃圾,填埋,堆肥,水,土壤)中較快降解和生物降解的塑料。光合降解技術是實現這些目標的最實用和最經濟的方式。

        在制造過程中添加少量的光合降解化學添加劑可以使得最常見和廣泛使用的樹脂制成的塑料產品可控降解。這些產品接觸氧氣后，在紫外線(陽光)、高溫和/或機械應力作用下開始降解。降解開始時間按照最終用戶對產品壽命的要求“設定”。聚乙烯產品（如購物袋及垃圾袋）證明可進一步無毒生物降解。

        使用光合降解化學添加劑的塑料產品在生產過程、性能及外觀上同普通非降解塑料產品完全相同。價格非常合理。在降解開始之前可同普通塑料產品一起回收和再循環。

        經過科學檢測以及公開發表的檢測報告證明，使用光合降解化學添加劑的塑料產品可直接接觸食品，并符合適用的美國、加拿大及歐洲的標準。并可作出相應環境聲明。公開發表的報告還證明使用使用光合降解化學添加劑的塑料的塑料產品可以通過堆肥處理，最終產品對植物或動物沒有任何負面影響。

Oxo-degradable additive, is one of the most practical and economical product that makes plastics biodegrade relatively quickly in different disposal environment.

When added to PE, PP and PS resins, causes the plastic to degrade at a controlled rate. The degradation is triggered by exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight), elevated temperatures or mechanical stress. The shelf life and service life of degradable plastic products incorporating oxo-degradable additive can be customized based on customer requirements ranging from a few months to years, depending on the type and amount of additive added to the plastic resin. Subsequent to the initial degradation, products made with polyethylene (such as grocery, shopping and garbage bags) are biodegradable.

Plastics incorporating oxo-degradable additive is processed, performs and is visually indistinguishable from conventional non-degradable plastic materials. They have similar physical properties as regular products prior to the onset of degradation. They are cost-competitive. They are also compatible with existing recycling operations and can be safely co-mingled with conventional plastic inputs prior to the onset of degradation.

Most oxo-degradable additive products are food contact compliant and meet applicable US, Canadian and European standards. Composts made from plastics incorporating oxo-degradable additive are found to have no toxic effect on sensitive plant or animal life.

生物降解/堆肥 Bio-degradable/Compostable
 

        可生物降解/堆肥的創聚合物塑料是廣泛使用淀粉，纖維素，植物油及其組合領域取得專有技術的創新生物塑料的產品。他們發現，在各個領域，如垃圾分類收集處理，食品服務行業，大型零售分配，包裝，農業，公共衛生和個人護理應用。

        可生物降解/堆肥的創聚合物塑料的屬性和使用的特征非常類似于傳統的塑料，但在同一時間，它們根據歐洲標準 EN13432，為技術材料制造商、公共機關、認證機構和消費者最重要的生物降解和可堆肥的參考指引。

        由于生物降解性和可堆肥的特點，使用可生物降解/堆肥的創聚合物塑料的產品可以優化廢物收集和管理，以減少對環境的影響，并對于所有的生產 - 消費 - 廢棄周期系統改良有顯著的發展優勢。

        市場上最早誕生而比較有名的可生物降解/堆肥的聚合物塑料是Mater-Bi®品牌。

        主要自蔬菜成分 - 以下多種（纖維素，甘油，天然填料和各種農作物獲得的非轉基因淀粉），它們都從種植園萃取，并不會利用未開發或者砍伐的土地。

        例如，玉米淀粉，為Mater-Bi ®使用的其中一種主要的傳統植物成分，是已經被廣泛使用了幾十年作為工業添加劑，以產生大量的產品，例如紙。所使用的不是改造基因玉米，并在歐洲以當地農場常用的農藝方法種植。它是直接從谷物中提取并進行設計，以保持其自然特性的物理變化。這使得該方法有效率，使資源的利用為最小值。

        Mater-Bi ®含淀粉的等級都涵蓋了廣泛的專利和各種高度多元化結構，其中淀粉或者形成與其他聚合物組分的復合物，或呈現出非常精細的分散的形態，這使得該產品特別堅韌。

        其它等級的Mater-Bi ®不含有淀粉而只是僅僅由生物降解的可再生能源的聚合物用的原料或化石來源的原料來制造。只從使用化石資源獲得的物質時，其可再生等值并非適用于工業水平。用作聚合物原料的植物油來自非基因改造作物（沒有用棕櫚油或豆油）。

        其中一個與生產Mater-Bi ®有關聯的成份是Origo-Bi®，由Novamont技術從植物油家族得到的聚酯。Origo-Bi®有助于改善Mater-Bi®性能范圍內的技術，經濟和對環境的影響。
 

        同時, 現在很多國內的供應商也提供符合歐洲標準 EN13432的可生物降解/堆肥的聚合物塑料，價格也較相宜。

Bio-degradable/Compostable now has family of innovative bioplastics obtained thanks to proprietary technologies in the field of starch, cellulose, vegetable oils and their combinations. They find application in various areas, such as separate waste collection, food service sector, large-scale retail distribution, packaging, agriculture, hygiene and personal care.

Bioplastics are materials whose properties and characteristics of use are very similar to those of traditional plastics, but at the same time, they are biodegradable and compostable according to the European standard EN 13432, the most important reference for the technical material manufacturers, public authorities, composters, certifiers and consumers.

One of the most early available and famous brand is the Mater-Bi®. Due to the characteristics of biodegradability and compostability, products allow to optimize waste collection and management, to reduce environmental impact and to contribute to the development of virtuous systems with significant advantages along all the production-consumption-disposal cycle.

Mater-Bi® biopolymers can be classified according different typologies or “grades”. The vegetable components are of various kinds (cellulose, glycerin, natural fillers and non-genetically modified starch obtained from various crops) and are all extracted from plantations that do not exploit virgin or deforested land.
For example, corn starch, traditionally one of the first plant components to be used in Mater-Bi®, is a substance that has been widely used for decades as an industrial additive to produce a large number of products such as paper. The corn used is not genetically modified and is grown in Europe following the usual agronomic practices adopted by European farms. It is extracted directly from the grains and subjected to physical changes designed to maintain its natural characteristics. This makes the process efficient, reducing the use of resources to a minimum.
The grades of Mater-Bi® containing starch are covered by a wide range of patents and present highly diversified structures in which the starch either forms a complex with the other polymer components or presents a very fine dispersed morphology, which makes the products particularly tough.

Other grades of Mater-Bi® do not contain starch but simply biodegradable polymers produced using raw materials coming from renewable sources or fossil-derived raw materials. The substances obtained from fossil resources are only used when their renewable equivalents are not available on an industrial level. Vegetable oils used as a raw material for polymers come from non-genetically modified crops (no use is made of palm oil or soybean oil).

One of the components involved in the process of realization of Mater-Bi® are Origo-Bi®, the family of polyesters obtained from vegetable oils through a Novamont technology. Origo-Bi ® help to improve the technical, economic and environmental impacts of Mater-Bi® and toincrease the range of properties.

生物基/Biobased
 

        因有些國家用燃燒方式處理垃圾從而轉化能量為取暖用途, 所以市場上就出現了高生物基原料成分而不需要生物降解/堆肥的創聚合物塑料的需求。是指用可再生資源製成的獨特產品，不需要生物降解/堆肥，但對整個生產使用鏈中減少溫室氣體排放量在的水平需有著顯著的貢獻。
 

        市場需求一般對生物基原料的要求是以其生物基含量分等級，其中最有名的是巴西的Breskem公司。他們的注冊商標產品 - “綠色聚乙烯”是一種可再生的替代聚乙烯，一個主要用於消費品包裝的熱塑性樹脂品行業，如食品飲料，清潔和個人護理產品，以及玩具，垃圾容器和塑料袋。在其循環結束時，綠色聚乙烯可以和常規聚乙烯一樣在同一個生產使用鏈中進行回收與再生。
 

        Breskem公司的注冊商標產品 - “綠色聚乙烯”使用的原料是甘蔗乙醇。

By using Green Polyethylene, Braskem’s partners can offer unique products made from renewable resources that make a significant contribution to reducing the level of greenhouse gas emissions throughout the chain. Green Polyethylene is a renewable alternative to polyethylene, a thermoplastic resin largely used for packaging in consumer goods industries, such as food and beverage, cleaning and personal care products, as well as toys, trash containers and plastic bags. At the end of its lifespan, Green Polyethylene can be recycled in the same chains already developed for conventional polyethylene. The I’m green™ seal can be applied to finished packaging and products that have Green Polyethylene in their composition. Different source, same properties Green Polyethylene is a drop-in biopolymer. Substituting conventional polyethylene with Green Polyethylene does not require investments in new plastics manufacturing machinery. The Green Polyethylene portfolio features approximately 30 grades in the HDPE, LLDPE and LDPE families that cover a wide range of applications. The vast majority of these grades have renewable carbon content of between 80% and 100%, based on their biogenic carbon content measured in accordance with the standard ASTMD6866. There are a number of recognized certifiers in Europe, the USA and Asia that offer labels for the renewable content of a material or products based on ASTMD6866. The raw material used to make Braskem’s Green Polyethylene is sugarcane ethanol.